Global terrorism free essay sample

The word â€Å"TERRORISM† is a word that truly threatens individuals all around the globe .But as a matter of first importance what that this word psychological warfare mean . Psychological warfare isn't new, and despite the fact that it has been utilized since the start of written history it very well may be realatively difficult to characterize. Fear based oppression has been portrayed differently as both a strategy and system; a wrongdoing and a sacred obligation; a defended response to mistreatment and an unforgivable cursed thing. Clearly, a great deal relies upon whose perspective is being spoken to. Fear mongering can likewise be expressed as the utilization of viciousness to accomplish a political objective. Truly brutality is there; striking dread is there, yet for what reason? It is either to set up an administration or to crush one, or to set up a state, or to make one, or to decimate a state. Sometimes, fear based oppression has been a way to carry on a contention without the enemy understanding the idea of the danger, confusing psychological oppression with crime. Due to these qualities, fear based oppression has gotten progressively basic among those seeking after extraordinary objectives all through the world. In any case, in spite of its fame, fear based oppression can be a shapeless idea. Indeed, even inside the U.S. Government, offices answerable for various capacities in the progressing battle against fear mongering utilize various definitions. HOW DOES AMERICAN AGENCIES DEFINE TERRORISM: The United States Department of Defense characterizes psychological warfare as â€Å"the determined utilization of unlawful savagery or danger of unlawful viciousness to teach dread; expected to pressure or to threaten governments or social orders in the quest for objectives that are commonly political, strict, or ideological.† Within this definition, there are three key elementsâ€violence, dread, and intimidationâ€and every component produces fear in its casualties. The FBI utilizes this: Terrorism is the unlawful utilization of power and savagery against people or property to threaten or pressure an administration, the non military personnel populace, or any section thereof, in promotion of political or social destinations. The U.S. Branch of State characterizes fear based oppression to be planned politically-inspired savagery executed against non-soldier focuses by sub-national gatherings or surreptitious operators, typically expected to impact a group of people. THE RISE OF GLOBAL TERRORISM: What is worldwide psychological oppression? How does a fear based oppression ascend into a worldwide psychological oppression? At the point when the exercises of any brutality or dread those been commented as psychological warfare is being done comprehensively it causes worldwide fear based oppression. As it were it tends to be characterized as the fear based oppressor exercises that includes a forigen terrains can likewise be named as worldwide psychological warfare. This worldwide fear based oppression is typically conveyed by an association against any gathering of individuals, country or religion. In the majority of the worldwide fear based oppressor exercises the psychological militant objective is any inaccessible country or including at least two countries or associations all inclusive. Worldwide Terrorism assaults are generally completed so as to amplify the seriousness and length of the mental effect. Each demonstration of fear based oppression is a â€Å"performance† concocted to affect numerous huge crowds. Psychological militants additionally assault national images, to show power and to endeavor to shake the establishment of the nation or society they are against. This may adversely influence a legislature, while expanding the esteem of the given fear based oppressor association and additionally belief system behind a psychological oppressor act. GLOBL TERRORISM is a derogatory term. It is a word with characteristically negative meanings that is commonly applied to ones adversaries and rivals, or to those with whom one differs and would some way or another want to disregard. What is called psychological warfare, Brian Jenkins has composed, in this way appears to rely upon ones perspective. Utilization of the term suggests an ethical judgment; and on the off chance that one gathering can effectively connect the mark psychological oppressor to its rival, at that point it has in a roundabout way convinced others to embrace its ethical perspective. Subsequently the choice to consider somebody or mark some association fear monger turns out to be unavoidably emotional, contingent to a great extent upon whether one feels for or restricts the individual/gathering/cause concerned. On the off chance that one relates to the survivor of the brutality, for instance, at that point the demonstration is fear based oppression. Assuming, notwithstanding, one relates to the culprit, the fierce demonstration is respected in a progressively thoughtful, if not positive (or, best case scenario, an irresolute) light; and it isn't psychological warfare. WHAT GIVES RISE TO TERRORISM IN THE WORLD? The one inquiry that everybody pose is the reason there is a requirement for fear mongering on the planet. this inquiry has different answers. First of all psychological warfare is a movement that is brought about by an individual or any associations named as fear based oppressor. So what makes conventional people go to fear monger is the primary thing we need to think . I welcome you to ask yourself, how does an excellent infant kid change into a psychological oppressor? There are numerous mind boggling answers to this inquiry, yet in the last examination, it is brought about by huge agony prompting gigantic wrath, and the coordinating of that rage towards a remote people, for this situation, ourselves. The bait for fear monger bunches looking for newcomers is a proposal of alleviation from this agony, either in this life or the following. As Gordon and Corinne so powerfully expressed, the best way to end psychological oppression is to end the torment and enduring which makes it conceivable. These agony and social hardship or some other social issue or resentment against any religion, association or a whole country is the primary driver for the expansion in fear based oppression on the planet . Almost everybody concurs that in everything change is unavoidable. I would add to this that all change is growthful. Indeed, even changes that are ostensibly backward and destructive in the long run lead to profound affliction, constrained new knowledge, and forward development. Hence, development isn't discretionary. It is an unavoidable piece of presence. The main alternative or decision is whether we will develop deliberately and gladly or unknowingly and agonizingly. In mid 1975, the law implementation Assistant Adminstration in the United States framed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the council composed was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, delivered by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the heading of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force characterized fear based oppression into six classes. Common issue †A type of aggregate viciousness meddling with the harmony, security, and ordinary working of the network. Political psychological warfare †Violent criminal conduct structured essentially to produce dread in the network, or significant section of it, for political purposes. Non-Political psychological warfare †Terrorism that isn't focused on political purposes yet which shows â€Å"conscious configuration to make and keep up a serious extent of dread for coercive purposes, yet the end is individual or aggregate addition instead of the accomplishment of a political objective.† Quasi-fear based oppression †The exercises coincidental to the commission of violations of viciousness that are comparable in structure and technique to authentic fear based oppression yet which by the by come up short on its basic fixing. It isn't the primary motivation behind the semi fear based oppressors to prompt dread in the quick casualty as on account of real psychological warfare, however the semi fear based oppressor utilizes the modalities and strategies of the veritable fear monger and creates comparative outcomes and reaction.[75] For instance, the escaping criminal who takes hostagesis a semi psychological oppressor, whose techniques are like those of the certifiable psychological militant yet whose intentions are very extraordinary. Constrained political fear mongering †Genuine political psychological oppression is portrayed by a revolutionaryapproach; restricted political fear mongering alludes to â€Å"acts of fear based oppression which are submitted for ideological orpolitical thought processes yet which are not some portion of a deliberate battle to catch control of the state. Authority or state psychological oppression â€referring to countries whose standard depends on dread and mistreatment that arrive at like fear based oppression or such proportions.† It might likewise be alluded to as Structural Terrorismdefined comprehensively as psychological oppressor acts completed by governments in quest for political targets, frequently as a major aspect of their international strategy.

The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students

The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students Unique This pilot study research the perspectives of learner advisors towards the momentum fifty hours of obligatory individual directing required for consummation of their examinations at confirmation level. It decides if it ought to be pretty much, and what else would be valuable in turning into an advisor or psychotherapist. In this investigation, ten understudies of psychotherapy finished a survey. This poll involved eight quantitative Likert questions, and two subjective questions.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The field of psychotherapy is known for taking care of numerous illnesses and mental issues whose cause was mental and passionate disorders. The psychotherapy came as a way to help the clinical specialist to unwind the enthusiastic and the psychological demeanors that undermined strength of the patients. Psychotherap y is subsequently a strong field, which is picking up acknowledgment everywhere throughout the world. As a piece of study to qualify as a rehearsing psychotherapist one is required to experience fifty hours of individual treatment. Individual treatment is the place one should go to an advisor as a patient despite the fact that at the top of the priority list, one may not be debilitated or in desperate need of clinical psychotherapy. This examination report will dive into what different researchers have concentrated regarding this matter. It will investigate how understudies of psychotherapy feel about this training whether it is valuable to them or not. The other perspective that this exploration will dig into is that of whether the compulsory fifty hours of individual treatment are sufficient or not. The report will incorporate the discoveries of the report and the conversation. The last piece of this report will manage the proposal or the route forward on account of this examinati on. Writing survey There is a great deal of study evaluating the job of individual treatment that understudies of psychotherapy need to experience in the satisfaction of their course work. There have been different contentions, some that are strong to this training while others are nullify and consider it to be a pointless method that isn't fundamental. Norcross (2010) demonstrates that, it didn't help her in getting the genuinely necessary entry level position, which she was searching for. Independent of such sentiments, there are various reasons, which make this individual treatment imperative to the researchers. Freud, the organizer of psychotherapy and analysis was the main backer of understudies undertaking this training. He additionally went for psychotherapy, which he felt, was a consolation and that it helped him to recover and manage his own issues. Individual treatment for the psychotherapy understudies is as significant with respect to the advisor himself as it guarantees that individual issues and issues don't impact the specialist when offering treatment to a patient. There is probability that the psychotherapists’ individual qualities and encounters in life may influence the way wherein they treat the patients. To guarantee this doesn't occur, early preparing of psychotherapy by taking the customers seat and feeling how the customers feel is a method of turning into a decent psychotherapists (Barley Lambert 2001).Advertising Looking for explore paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This preparation is basic as it guarantees that the understudies create listening abilities. At the point when the understudies go to the treatment as customers, they see the significance of a sympathetic advisor who can get into their perspective and relate to their sentiments without bias. While never going to this treatment, the understudy would not figure out how to be compassiona te. This is a significant quality required for anybody to be a viable psychotherapist. Psychotherapy requests mental fortitude from the patient as it includes getting to an outsider and emptying one’s disappointments, fears, vulnerabilities and achievement. This isn't simple and on occasion customers are not helpful and except if the tenderfoot psychotherapist acknowledges this reality by sitting at the customers sit one would not ask the patients the fundamental inquiries in dread that it influences the patients’ protection or emotions (Herman 1993). Different examinations show that understudies who went to individual treatment likewise accepted that they turned out to be increasingly patient and open minded to others. During the clinical treatment, it is likely for the patient to respite and think or offer muddled expressions, which they will expound later (Lafferty 1989). Without having gone for such a treatment and without knowing the trouble of placing ones encoun ters in words one may neglect to see a portion of the customers articulations which isn't useful for clinical treatment. Understudies who went to these trainings recognized that they quit placing words in patients mouth and offering superfluous guidance without tuning in to them. It empowers the students not to dodge the troublesome times of the psychotherapy that are basic to the patient’s progress. This is a significant ability in psychotherapy to empower the customers find their issues (Lambert 1996). The other advantage to understudies who experience individual psychotherapy is that they gain information on self. This information is basic to any rehearsing psychotherapist as study done by Association of Psychiatrist demonstrates that it makes them mindful of their own predispositions and recognitions and how they respond to various circumstances. This self-information makes it simpler for the professional to increase a more profound comprehension of the client’s ne eds and character without reveling ones inclinations and individual qualities. This is basic in guaranteeing accomplishment as a psychotherapist (Lambert 1996). Individual treatment classes and increasing self-information help the understudies to shield the customers from hurt. This is on the grounds that it gets simpler to know how customer is probably going to react to certain data dependent on their character since they can recognize character types from tuning in to the client’s words. Information combined with the expanded tuning in and compassion abilities help the understudy to keep the customer from hurt by figuring the significant treatment and answers for the patients’ issues and difficulties (Barley Lambert 2001).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other significance of the individual treatment experienced by underst udies of psychotherapy is that it lessens the shame related with psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is testing and the vast majority don't look for treatment except if they have issues, for example, melancholy. Going for treatment when one is solid needs acknowledgment in the general public and there is no better method of getting this going other than guaranteeing that the understudies of psychotherapy acknowledge its job in their lives. A psychotherapist who demonizes or fears taking treatment would resemble lecturing water and taking wine (Sperry 2003). Concerning the amount of time, there is proposal of fifty hours of treatment. Different investigations demonstrate that the fifty hours are tolerably enough. In any case, there is no decisive sentiment on the quantity of hours. A few researchers feel that these hours are an excessive number of and prone to make fatigue and abhorrence for psychotherapy while others contend that after the psychotherapy they feel energized and anticipate t he following meeting (Macran 1999). Concerning the need of this individual treatment there is a general inclination among various researchers that it empowered them to create basic abilities that are valuable in the execution of their obligations. Research system The examination concentrated on ten understudies of psychotherapy trying to guarantee that, the work is fruitful and the exploration recognized the right reactions and sentiment of psychotherapy understudies in Ireland. In spite of the fact that the example gives off an impression of being little, it is a delegate as psychotherapy understudies are not the same number of as contrasted and understudies in different teaches, for example, business, expressions or science. Examining was arbitrary by picking the understudies from the psychotherapy recognition register and no rule was received as a methods for inspecting. There was selection of the two research procedures as one technique couldn't gather the information acceptably . This is on the grounds that there was requirement for both subjective and quantitative information to make the investigation fruitful. The quantity of understudies who concurred on whether the training was significant required quantitative information assortment. In any case, the reasons and sentiments behind their reactions required subjective information assortment strategy (Martin 2000). Ten understudies going to XXX College, Dublin, Ireland, took an interest in this examination. They were directing and psychotherapy understudies who chipped in their time during an examination module to fill polls. The module mentor checked all work to guarantee that it was finished by the directions provided.Advertising Searching for inquire about paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The poll surveyed the participant’s sees on close to home treatment during preparing, would it be a good idea for it to be obligatory? Has it been gainful? Is it important to proceed after the obligatory fifty hours? The poll utilized eight Likert questions that were quantitative and two open subjective inquiries. Investigation coming up next are the discoveries from the overview. The outcomes showed that a large portion of the understudies felt that the individual treatment was vital. 50% of the understudies firmly concurred that the exploration was important; 20% concurred that it was essential and 20% were uncertain. None of the understudy differ about the need of individual treatment as

Alternative Knausgaards

Alternative Knausgaards I like Karl Ove Knausgaard. I read the first volume of My Struggle and I was hooked: it’s full of details of everyday life, details that should be boring, but that ended up being riveting. It takes a talented writer to pull that off. He moves seamlessly from lengthy (lengthy!) descriptions of things like planning to get drunk as a teenager to philosophical meditations on the nature of death. I haven’t read the remaining volumes of the six-book series, but that’s only because my TBR pile is high and I just haven’t gotten to it yet. I will. But as much as I admire Knausgaard, I’m aware that it takes a particular type of person to publish six autobiographical volumes (they are sort of fictional, sort of not the exact genre isn’t clear, but they are definitely at the very least inspired by his life). It takes a particular type of person to be allowed to publish six autobiographical volumes and to be celebrated for doing so instead of being criticized for being self-absorbed and egotistical. Sure, Knausgaard has been criticized by some for being self-absorbed and egotistical, but, generally-speaking, his writing has been met with acclaim. This is definitely, in part, because he’s a very good writer. But it helps that he is a white man from Europe. Would a woman be able to publish six volumes of autobiographical writing to such great acclaim? Would a person of color? I have my doubts. So, I’ve been compiling a list of alternative Knausgaards, people whose six-volume autobiography, or autobiographical novel or whatever, I would dearly love to read, if they were willing to write it and if someone were willing to publish it. I have no idea if any of these people would want to write such a thing, but in this literary fantasy of mine, they have already written six volumes that are just waiting in a drawer for a publisher to discover them. Here is my list so far. All of these writers have written autobiographically already, but always in essays or relatively short, single books, not at the expansive length Knausgaard has enjoyed: Heidi Julavits: I adore her memoiristic book The Folded Clock and I want more, more, more of the same. In The Folded Clock, Julavits tells stories from her life and shares her thoughts and feelings, and makes everything so interesting and profound. Her book makes such a good companion. It’s very Knausgaardian, too, in the way it makes things that might seem small carry a much greater weight of meaning. Sherman Alexie: Alexie has a memoir coming out this summer, You Dont Have to Say You Love Me, which I haven’t yet read, although it is on my list for sure. But he’s on this list because I’ve heard him speak at a conference and also on his podcast with Jess Walters, A Tiny Sense of Accomplishment, and I know he’s charming, funny, and down-to-earth. That’s the kind of voice I love to find on the page. Zadie Smith: Of course Zadie Smith is on my list! Shes a vocal Knausgaard fan, so maybe shes the likeliest to be working away at her Knausgaardian epic. I hope so. I adore her collection of essays Changing My Mind and am impatiently waiting for another collection to come out. She writes about the world books, politics, film and about herself with such clarity, and her writing voice is so engaging, I cant get enough. Teju Cole: Cole is a novelist and essayist, and hes also great at Twitter and Instagram. He may be doing some amazingly new, innovative thing on another social media platform right now that I havent heard of yet. Hes such an interesting thinker. I want more access to whats going on in his brain. Im sure he would do all kinds of cool, new things in his allotted six volumes. Maggie Nelson: I adore Nelsons nonfiction writing, which covers so many genres: memoir, true crime, prose poetry, philosophy, criticism. Her writing is somehow both crystal clear and full of depths. Its intensely personal and highly theoretical. Her books are never long, and theres not nearly enough of her writing out there. It doesnt seem to me, to be honest, that writing six autobiographical volumes is exactly her style, but I can dream. Jhumpa Lahiri:  Ive read and admired two short works of nonfiction from Lahiri recently,  In Other Words and  The Clothing of Books, and Id be ready to sit down with a lot more of the same. I loved the depth with which she describes what it was like to learn Italian and move to Italy, in one case, and her feelings about book covers, in the other, and Im pretty sure Id be interested in hearing whatever she wants to say about any subject out there. Ruth Ozeki: Im a huge fan of her novel A Tale for the Time Being, but I also loved her short memoiristic book The Face: A Time Code. That book describes staring at her face in the mirror for three hours straight. She turned that experience into a wonderful meditation on faces, aging, race, and her past. Plus, Ozeki is a Zen Buddhist priest, and her thoughts about the world are bound to be interesting. Anybody you would put on your own alternative Knausgaard list? Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Formula List for Biostatistics - 1316 Words

1)Permutation----nPr = n! ---- (n-r)! 2)Combination----nCr = nPr = n! ----- ------- n r! r! (n-r)! 3)Summation-----∑ X i i =1 n 4)Product--------Л Xi i=1 5)Age specific fertility rate(Asfr)=No of live birth at specific age ------------------------------------- No of women to specific age group†¦show more content†¦mean ------ * 100 X 20) Stem-leaf plot- It is not afrequency curve. Stem is concider as 1st digit /digits leaving left digit. Stem Leaf e.g 12 ,34 ,56 ,78---stem is 1 1,2,4 11, 14,57,70 3 4 5 6,7 7 0,8 For more than two digits figure leaving left digit ,what ever in right is concider as stem. e.g. 123,346,509---stem is 12,34,50 21) Box Plot --- Maximum vlue=Q3+3*IQR } Q3---75% Inter quarantile rangeShow MoreRelatedSample Letter : Click Prediction Essay739 Words   |  3 Pagesidentities of the clicked recommendations in the test set are not revealed. Your task is to rank the recommendations in each group by decreasing predicted likelihood of being clicked. For each display_id in the test set, you must predict a space-delimited list of ad_ids, ordered by decreasing likelihood of being clicked. Introduction: To predict which recommendation is most likely to be clicked, we started off by looking into the dataset for this challenge. After going through the dataset we discussed howRead MoreXxsf6605 Words   |  27 Pagesuseful? What is multicolinearity? Know how to write HA H0 for testing the slope coefficients Know how to interpret the results of hypothesis tests write out the results Know what factors to consider when â€Å"refining† a regression equation 4 FORMULAS (DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MEMORIZE!)  µ= ÃŽ £X N ÃŽ £X n X = Range: Xmax - Xmin Finding Quartile locations: (median location +1) / 2 IQR (H-SPREAD) = Q3 – Q1 Median: Finding center location: (n+1) / 2 Definitional: ÏÆ'2 = ÃŽ £( X −  µ ) 2 N Computational:Read MoreData Analysis and Interpretation by Victor J. Schoenbach11947 Words   |  48 Pagesissues pervade epidemiologic studies, and you may find some of the material that follows of use as you read the literature. So if you find that you are getting lost and begin to wonder what points you are expected to learn, please refer to the following list of concepts we expect you to know: Need to edit data before serious analysis and to catch errors as soon as possible. Options for data cleaning – range checks, consistency checks – and what these can (and can not) accomplish. What is meant by dataRead Morepharmacoeconomic Essay14259 Words   |  58 Pagesmethods and start to systematically investigate the needs and preferences of decision makers as well as the relative importance of VOI estimates in healthcare and research funding decisions G. van de Wetering Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Health Technology Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 1 Introduction ` V. Retel Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

The Bluest Eye And Fun Home Essay - 2175 Words

Although Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home demonstrate pronounced differences in setting and design, both novels employ a reflective narration of the past to address common themes of trauma, unorthodox family relationships, and sexuality. Both stories utilize this retrospective narrative to expose masculinity’s stratified hegemony as a driving force of internalized shame, violence, and the death of self. As The Bluest Eye’s Cholly and Fun Home’s Bruce are examined in terms of hegemonic masculinity’s influence, the common themes in both works can be understood as a result of masculinity’s hierarchical ascendency. To understand either work’s take on hegemonic masculinity, it is important to identify masculinity as a gendered hegemony. In her definition of gender, Judith Halberstam notes that gender is socially systematized, performed, and reproduced in cultures, institutions, and individual identities (B urgett, Bruce, and Hendler, 116). In a like manner, in her article on gendered violence, Mimi Schippers notes R.W. Connell’s research on masculinity to expand this definition, implying that masculinity is central to gender relations. In short, Connell defined masculinity as â€Å"simultaneously a place in gender relations, the practices through which men and women engage†¦ in gender, and the effects of these practices on bodily experience, personality, and culture† (Schippers, 86). Here, masculinity is classified as a social position, the set and practiceShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye And Alison Bechdel s Fun Home Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesToni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home are both novels that employ a reflective narration of the past to address common themes of trauma, unorthodox family relationships, and sexuality. Although they demonstrate pronounced differences in setting and design, both stories utilize this ret rospective narrative to expose masculinity’s stratified hegemony as a driving force of internalized shame, violence, and the death of self. Furthermore, it becomes clear that these shared themesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Bluest Eye 818 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Bluest Eye, Pecola the protagonist is taken under the Macteer family’s wing much like â€Å"The African family is community-based and the nurturing quality is not contained within the nuclear family, but is rather the responsibility of the entire community† (Ranstrà ¶m). In traditional Africa each child has a place and is welcome in the community. The act of parenting another child was not odd because every adult that lived in each community believed that any child is welcome in anyone’s home. ThisRead MoreThe Bluest Eyes By Toni Morriss1592 Words   |  7 Pages Draft When I was 5 years old I wanted nothing then to be white. 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The stereotypeRead More Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Misdirected Anger Depicted1174 Words   |  5 PagesMisdirected Anger Depicted in The Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison shows that anger is healthy and that it is not something to be feared; those who are not able to get angry are the ones who suffer the most.   She criticizes Cholly, Polly, Claudia, Soaphead Church, the Mobile Girls, and Pecola because these blacks in her story wrongly place their anger on themselves, their own race, their family, or even God, instead of being angry at those they should have been angry at: whites.Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Mo rrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison brings to light the often unrecognized struggle that many people in the black community face. She exposes the â€Å"whitewashing† that has been prevalent in society for decades and the societal imposition of impossible beauty standards. Morrison uses the book to show us the psychological tolls on children and adults that stem from these unattainable goals. 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TheseRead MoreEssay about Use of the Fences Metaphor in Describing Racial Injustice1674 Words   |  7 PagesInjustice in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the Song Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, and August Wilsons Fences In todays world it is difficult for young people to get a good handle on the past. This is especially the case when talking about the history of African-Americans in the United States and the consequences of racial injustice which they faced. Toni Morrison shares her thoughts on this topic in her novel The Bluest Eye through the use of the metaphor

Poverty and Progress Are we suffering from delusion of poverty Free Essays

It is indeed that most Filipino today suffers from delusion of poverty which is a false belief of a person that he or she is impoverished or will be deprived of material possessions or a person’s mindset the he strongly believes that he is financially incapacitated. Many people will use the excuse of this is the way I was born or this is my environment and I cannot change it. Through these statements it shows that most of the time it is because of your own mindset the reason you are where you are today. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Progress: Are we suffering from delusion of poverty? or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have all heard, you are where you are today because of what you did yesterday. If you didn’t change or plan ahead yesterday, then you can expect today to be different until you change. A poverty mindset can manifest itself in a lack of vision for the future. You end up stuck in a financial rut, perhaps working a job that barely meets the financial needs of your household. When you lack vision, it’s hard for you to believe that God would give you an idea to take your household to prosperity. And if God does give you a big idea, you either will not follow-up on it, or you will find a way to sabotage it. Your poverty mindset keeps you stuck where you are. If a person feels less than others then he will not feel deserving. If he does not feel deserving, his life is based on desperation and wanting, rather than from joy and abundance. If one feels abundant, he will have abundance. If one feels desperate and wanting, he will expand the poverty in his life. Wealth or poverty is something that resides within. Poverty is a state of mind and about perspective not always about money. It is a fear of never having enough. To break that state of mind we have to make different choices and unblock the shackles that have been placed on our minds by our parents and the society around us. Our beliefs about how the world works is passed down from generation to generation. If your parents have a poverty mindset, it’s highly likely that you grew up with these same beliefs. People may say that they want to be wealthy, however a mindset that is set for poverty cannot handle a sudden increase in wealth. Because of the delusion of poverty mindset, you never set up a written budget to plan the use of your finances. You never set financial goals for what you want your money to accomplish. You just let it flow through your fingers and out of your pocket and the end result is being broke. That’s the type of mentality that keeps people in poverty. Often, thinking that we’re â€Å"poor† while others are â€Å"rich† is a result of comparing ourselves with other people. The first step is to stop comparing ourselves with others. You don’t need lots of money to be rich. Poor people put a high priority in having cash on hand. They do pocket accounting. What cash they have in their pocket is often how they manage their money. They do not like checking accounts because it requires financial management. Delusion of poverty has nothing to do with money, it has everything to do with the willingness to communicate and face a problem. Growing up in that environment absolutely shapes one’s mind about money and life. People who heard from their parents that â€Å"we can’t afford this and can’t afford that†, as if there was no other way to get money other than welfare. There was no budgeting to help make the money last the full 2 weeks. They get their check and blow it on junk food, alcohol, drugs etc. Then act like victims for the rest of the days while waiting for the next check or the next binge. Change your environment and you change your financial future. Where did you learn your financial habits? Other adults: primarily your parents. We spend the way they spend. We value what they value. We carry their views on most things. So if your parents spent foolishly, their actions taught you to spend foolishly. If your parents spent wisely, you would gravitate towards wisdom in finances. If your parents were really wise they would have explained why they spend the way they do and how to by-pass financial failures through proper money management. People who grew up hearing a language of poverty that sounds like this: â€Å"we can’t afford it†, â€Å"we don’t have the money†, â€Å"that’s for the rich people not for us†. All of those statements are victimized, poverty statements. Change your language, and you change your financial future. Even the rich people suffer from delusion of poverty according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2007, January), â€Å"As the economy dips precariously, people who still have a lot of means are freaking out†. According to Dr. Kotbi from his interview in New York Times (2009,Jauary) he had a wealthy woman patient, worried about whether she would have enough money to buy groceries, refused to eat. Another patient, a real estate investor grew so paralyzed by financial fear that he asked his wife, who had hardly paid a bill in her life to take over the family finances. Dr. Kotbi said they often suffer â€Å"delusions of poverty† which is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, associated with psychotic depression and despite retaining millions of money in assets, are crippled by self-doubt, loss of power, and sometimes guilt. These people have fear of being poor. I hate this delusion of poverty in our country where poverty is imbibed to all of us: ‘Hindi ako makakapagtapos ng pag-aaral kasi dukha lang kami’ or ‘Anong magagawa namin? Eh mahirap lang kami? ’ It’s always like that. I also hear that from my neighbors, saying everyday that they are just poor folks. I hate that in every election season, the candidates that we see on television hail themselves as messiahs or the bringer of solutions to poverty. Or perhaps, a knight in shining armor, ready to rescue a poverty-stricken maiden. We should accept the fact that the way we think affect our actions. Yes, somehow we are poor but we can be rich also. We need to be aware of a self-defeating thought process or activity in order to change our poverty mindset. Remember the sayings that what your mind can conceive your heart and body can achieve. It is the time to cut the chain that ties Filipino to the endless delusion of poverty. How to cite Poverty and Progress: Are we suffering from delusion of poverty?, Papers

A Taste of My Life free essay sample

Ever since I was young, I would think about families. The good ones and the bad ones, and I don’t think I ever really thought about it being mine until I was slightly older. And then it was only about finding a guy that I thought would be perfect for me. Then I had a couple boyfriends and I learned a lot about the kind of person that I wanted to be with. The kind of person I wanted to be a big part of my world and that would influence everything about me. We will write a custom essay sample on A Taste of My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Someone who could know everything about me and accept it for whatever it truly was, someone who felt like they could always be honest with me even if they think I won’t like it, because they trust that I will try to understand, someone to talk to and hold me during one of my crippling depressive states, who would try to keep me out of trouble but go along with my mood swings and crazy impulsive ideas just because they love me, and wouldn’t try to change a thing about me. Someone I could be whatever they needed me to be for us. Someone I could be happy making happy. But lately I have been realizing a lot of things. Life sucks sometimes and it will throw a lot at you. Things that I like to think help to make us better people, and help us grow to as much of our full potential that is possible, a little bit at a time. And some stuff happened last year that I could and should have stopped from happening but that I didn’t really want to stop. And no matter how much I wish that things didn’t end up the way that they did,I am glad to have had the experience, because as much as it hurt afterwardsit was real and amazing at the time, something worth remembering. Hopefully something like that won’t happen again, because I don’t ever want to feel that way again. The sad thing about it is that it really is all my fault and anything I could try to do to make it better would only make it worse. Along with all this, and a big part in the disaster of the summerI got pregnant. I always thought that I would wait at least until after I turned 23, so, needless to say I was scared and I still am, but I have to trust in myself to be a good mother. Certainly nothing like my mother. Most of the time it doesnt feel real and I have to tell myself a few times everyday that â€Å"Dude, you are pregnant† but it never really sinks in, except a little when I think about all the stress I have had to deal with before and during the beginning of school, what if I miscarry? And then I think, what will happen to Patrick? How will it affect him, and will I even be bothered? Sometimes I think that it would be better if I did have a miscarriage, for several reasons. Then I think, this is another thing I let happen and unlike the other things I can’t just let it go. There is no waiting to see what happens or letting it work itself out, I have to deal with this. And as much as a lot of people werent and still arent happy about it, I’m going to do this and make the best of it no matter what any stuck up fake dramatist has to say and spread around behind my back. In my opinion if you aren’t real enough to come up and ask me the truth, or simply know me better than that, then you aren’t worth my time. And god help you if I am around and hear you saying ridiculous crap about my child, because I protect what is mine to the best of my abilities and this baby is mine, so be careful and use the sense god gave you before opening your mouth . You either get bitter or you get better. Its that simple. You either take what has been dealt to you and allow it to make you a better person, or you allow it to tear you down. The choice does not belong to fate, it belongs to you. You can’t change how people treat you or what they say about you. All you can do is control the way you react to it.

Ups vs Fedex free essay sample

In 1975, UPS promised package delivery to every address in the United States; FedEx was not able to guarantee delivery in every area. When deregulation of the domestic airline industry and trucking industry occurred, the operating landscape changed, and FedEx became the beneficiary by expanding its delivery fleet. The just-in-time supply movement enabled FedEx to grow as well by creating a larger demand for express delivery. Technological innovations, such as its package tracker, assisted FedEx in improved customer service; UPS was able to keep pace with technological innovations of its own, such as its own package tracker. UPS’s key to success was and remains efficiency, timing all delivery routes to traffic signal patterns for example. UPS also expanded into Canada and Germany before FedEx. In recent years UPS has invested heavily in information technology, aircraft and other facilities. Competitor Comparison UPS went public in 1999, starting direct stock competition with FedEx UPSFedEx Offered package delivery services to the entire US and over 200 countries, delivered over 13 million packages and achieved profits of $3 billion, and AAA bond rating in 1983Operational leader reached $1 billion in revenues during 1983 and was poised to own the market for express delivery Restructured by becoming an aggressive company and expanding through acquisitionsNo unions Acquired Miami based carrier with operations in Latin AmericaAchieved $15 billion in assets, net income of $830 million on revenues of . We will write a custom essay sample on Ups vs Fedex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page billion in 2003 Opened Mail Boxes Etc. franchise stores, providing packing, shipping and mail service Invested in IT, aircraft and facilities to support service innovations, quality and reduce cost Became involved with all aspects of supply chain logistics to offer another service to its customers By 2003, UPS and FedEx were in very similar business positions, providing express service in the US and abroad. Express Segment: 1999 2003 UPSFedEx Focus on customer serviceFocus on customer service Started price war, but later settled on regular price increasesSettled on regular price increases Cut costs through economies of scale, investments in IT and business process reengineeringCut costs through economies of scale, investments in IT and business process reengineering IT: UPS employs on DIADs for drivers to scan package barcodes during pickupIT: COSMOS transmits data from package movements, customer pickups, invoices and deliveries to central database in Memphis, TN UPS installed drop off boxes, 165 drive through and 371 express delivery stores, Saturday pickups to expand services and match FedExPurchased ground vehicles worth $200 million to match UPS delivery fleet Offered integrated logistics service to large corporate clients with total inventory controlCompeted for large corporate clients providing integrated logistics service In the international package-delivery market, UPS exceeded and had more success and dollar investment marked for international growth than FedEx . International Package-Delivery Market European entry in 1988 with acquisition of 10 continental courier services Lost estimated $1 billion in Europe since entry in 1984 and eventually sold European hub to DHL Spent an additional $1 billion in 1995 to expand it European operationsExpanded routes in Latin America, Caribbean and introduced AsiaOne next business day service between Asia and US in 1995 Begins direct flights to China in 2001Establishes Chinese Headquarters in 2003 Contracts with Yangtze River Express for package delivery within China in 2003 FedEx owned the largest foreign presence in China, with almost double the amount of daily flights to China than UPS, serving 220 Chinese cities with direct flights to Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai. FedEx volumes in China grew by more than 50% between 2003 and 2004. UPS was active in China beginning in 1988, and was the first carrier to offer nonstop service from America. By 2003, UPS had 6 weekly flights to China with direct service to Beijing and Shanghai, serving about 200 cities with expected growth of about 60% on its main route. UPS also predicted peak-season demand to exceed capacity. Financial Analysis UPS appears to be the better bet for the long-term because its historical financial results are superior to and more consistent when compared to FedEx. If we consider EVA (Economic Value Added) as the key gauge for evaluating both firms, UPS is clearly the better performer. In the twelve year period of 1992 through 1993, UPS created $4. 33 billion in cumulative economic value, while FedEx destroyed $2. 25 billion. Because of its superior profitability and cash generating capabilities, UPS has better prospects for funding growth through internal and external sources. Even if we weaken the assumption of past history as a good indicator for the course of future financial performance and management, the data still indicates UPS is in a better financial position for taking on future growth. Decomposing EVA UPS outperformed FedEx on profitability in the twelve year period with an average RONA of 13. 78% compared to 8. 31% for FedEx. This profitability disparity accounts for most of the differences in their EVA histories. The twelve year average cost of capital/WACC for each firm was virtually the same (11. 97% for UPS, 11. 5% for FedEx); FedEx failed to generate enough RONA to cover its cost of capital in eleven years of the twelve year period, while UPS generated positive economic returns in seven of those years. The economic profit margin or spread between RONA and WACC for UPS averaged about 1. 8 % compared to -3. 14% for FedEx. For the last year of the period, 2003, UPS’s spread was 5. 11% and FedEx’s was 1. 10%. Given these statistics, UPS is obviously the better value creator and more profitable firm. Funding Future Growth (Cash and Debt) UPS is in a better position to fund its future growth because it generates more cash through superior profitability and its bigger size NOPAT for UPS in 2003 was at $3. 31 billion versus FedEx at $1. 42 billion. Thus, UPS can fund a larger percentage of its growth through internally generated funds. UPS can also take on additional debt at a lower cost than FedEx. The two firms have very similar debt/equity ratios but different bond ratings, with UPS rated higher. Therefore, even with similar relative debt levels, UPS can choose to supplement its funding needs with debt at a lower interest expense than FedEx. As of 2003, UPS‘s interest coverage ratio is three times that of FedEx, so UPS has a bigger cushion for handling additional debt (which partially explains UPS’s higher debt rating). In summary, from a cash perspective and in the context of each firm’s debt load, UPS is clearly in a better financial position to compete than FedEx. Operational Analysis While UPS and FedEx operate with similar business practices and offer almost identical services to their respective customers, UPS is more diversified both in operational revenue and global market service. Virtually all of FedEx’s business is derived from air-express sector in the package delivery; that segment is only 44% of UPS’s revenues. Both companies compete fiercely, often copying the other’s moves. For instance, FedEx has started to poach clients from UPS by offering volume discounts and excellent delivery services. UPS has countered by matching FedEx’s customer interaction by installing drop boxes and offering Saturday delivery to equal FedEx’s delivery schedule. Annualized capital expenditures are almost identical between the two companies for the period of 1992 to 2003 was 34. 64% for FedEx and 36. 78% for UPS. The main difference between the two is the markets each company serves and how they serve it. FedEx utilizes an independent contractor model, while UPS has unionized employees. FedEx attempted to develop its European capabilities until 1992, when it sold its operations to DHL, and now relies on local partners. By comparison, UPS acquired multiple courier services and announced in 1995 it would spend $1 billion over the next five years to continue its European expansion. The following table provides the comparison of worldwide facts between FedEx and UPS: FedExUPS Main HubMemphis, TennesseeLouisville, Kentucky Packages handled per day5. 4 million13. 6 million Air deliveries per day3. 1 million2 million Service AreaMore than 220 countries and territories, including every address in the United StatesMore than 200 countries and territories; every address in North America and Europe WorkforceMore than 216,500 employees worldwide360,000 Worldwide Delivery FleetMore than 50,000 motorized vehicles and 625 aircraft88,000 ground vehicles; 583 aircraft. In the ground package-delivery business, UPS is approximately five times larger than FedEx, delivering 11 million packages per day. However, there are signs that FedEx is gaining market share for ground delivery. FedEx dominates with the world’s largest air-delivery service, delivering 50% more per day than UPS. The battleground has shifted from Europe to China, which is projected to become the second largest economy by 2011 and the largest by 2039. Because China’s export volume increased by 101% in 2004, both companies have focused on the import/export package market valued at nearly $1 billion, instead of the intra-domestic market, valued at approximately $800 million. Although it entered the Chinese market after FedEx, UPS is aggressively expanding its services within the market. While FedEx flies almost twice as many daily routes to China than UPS, the new service agreement between the US and China will alter the landscape; it is uncertain how the newly acquired routes will be distributed to FedEx, UPS and their other competitors. Conclusion UPS will achieve better long-term performance relative to FedEx because of its bigger size, more diversified revenue and business, superior financial and operational efficiency and a better capital position.

Free Essays on The Inner Battles Of Mulan

The Inner Battles of Mulan The story of Mulan has been told for hundreds of years in China. Mulan’s tale has been used to motivate young girls to achieve their goals and to teach them that anything is possible. These stories show the strength within such a young person, making children to young adults believe they can be someone to look up to one day. With the help of Disney, this story has been introduced to many more people around the world and through the timelessness of animated features, will continue to for many years to come. There are several versions of Mulan’s story but the two that will be discussed are, â€Å"White Tigers† from Maxine Hong Kingston’s memoir The Woman Warrior and â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan†. These two different versions of the story strongly convey the themes of inadequacy that gender barriers create for women and how loneliness can affect someone. Kingston’s version of Mulan emphasizes these themes and are a reflectio n of her resentment to Chinese society which has roots in her childhood and stems from the strained relationship with her mother. In â€Å"White Tigers†, the first sentence of the story already sets up the gender barrier. â€Å"...we learned that we failed if we grew up to be but wives and slaves† (Kingston 19). This quotation automatically sets up the women’s feelings of inadequacy from the very start and continues throughout, ending with, â€Å"I read in an anthropology book that Chinese say, ‘Girls are necessary too’; I have never heard the Chinese I know make this concession† (Kingston 52-52). â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan† really has no gender barrier in it other than Mulan pretending to be a man so her father doesn’t have to join the army. There are not any significant signs of oppression directed towards her by men even before she joined the army as there are in the story by Kingston. One author’s analysis of â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan† notes that, ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on The Inner Battles Of Mulan Free Essays on The Inner Battles Of Mulan The Inner Battles of Mulan The story of Mulan has been told for hundreds of years in China. Mulan’s tale has been used to motivate young girls to achieve their goals and to teach them that anything is possible. These stories show the strength within such a young person, making children to young adults believe they can be someone to look up to one day. With the help of Disney, this story has been introduced to many more people around the world and through the timelessness of animated features, will continue to for many years to come. There are several versions of Mulan’s story but the two that will be discussed are, â€Å"White Tigers† from Maxine Hong Kingston’s memoir The Woman Warrior and â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan†. These two different versions of the story strongly convey the themes of inadequacy that gender barriers create for women and how loneliness can affect someone. Kingston’s version of Mulan emphasizes these themes and are a reflectio n of her resentment to Chinese society which has roots in her childhood and stems from the strained relationship with her mother. In â€Å"White Tigers†, the first sentence of the story already sets up the gender barrier. â€Å"...we learned that we failed if we grew up to be but wives and slaves† (Kingston 19). This quotation automatically sets up the women’s feelings of inadequacy from the very start and continues throughout, ending with, â€Å"I read in an anthropology book that Chinese say, ‘Girls are necessary too’; I have never heard the Chinese I know make this concession† (Kingston 52-52). â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan† really has no gender barrier in it other than Mulan pretending to be a man so her father doesn’t have to join the army. There are not any significant signs of oppression directed towards her by men even before she joined the army as there are in the story by Kingston. One author’s analysis of â€Å"The Ballad of Mulan† notes that, ï ¿ ½...

Multicultural experience and Interview Assignment

Multicultural experience and Interview - Assignment Example I lay my objectives and patiently waited for the opportunity present itself. However, I was nervous to interact with them. Basing on my beliefs and information I had gathered from continuous reading and research, I adopted a viewpoint that transgender individuals are radicals. What I discovered during the transgender event transformed my viewpoint. It was a privilege to spend a short session offering counselling services and leaning the experience as expressed by transgender individuals in attendance. I had never imagined there is a group of individuals who are transgender, partly because I was ignorant and slightly biased. It was challenging to learn that there were about 700,000 transgender persons in the US, yet my knowledge of them was very narrow. The event involved delegates from all states introducing themselves alongside few making speeches, which I found to be tiresome. I could not wait to spring at the chance of talking to any of them. I hoped no other party would realize my intentions. I found out the most challenging factors that face the transgender community. They were evident from the series of talks and my interactions with them. One of them walked to me, which was what I had been waiting for, and started conversing without caring whom I was. During his introduction, George maintained he had transformed from being Becky for nearly two years then, but still had challenges with people identify him as Becky. I almost froze with words in my throat when he asked me to recount on any experience I had. I thought and decided to tell him why I was in the gathering. He almost broke down; he knew I was investigating on them. I worked at his confidence when he talked again; he revealed to me more happenings that presented challenges the community faced. He pointed out to ignorance, discrimination, and biased opinions about them (Aldama, Sandoval, & GarciÃŒ a, 2012). From a social perspective, others perceive them to have refused the use of the term

Geopolitical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geopolitical Paper - Essay Example China has been the third largest trading partner of ASEAN and it accounted for 11.3% of the total trade of ASEAN in the year 2008 (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). As observed by Dr. Surin, â€Å"China’s economic growth and strong investment expansion is energizing the region and is providing ASEAN with an expanding diversified market in an environment of slowing growth in its traditional partners† (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). There were many rationales behind ASEAN - China FTA (Free Trade Area). ASEAN countries wanted free trade with China for many reasons and the motivation involved both political as well as economical factors. The first reason has been that China is huge economy and the increasing demand for goods and services from ASEAN would lead to growth of all the ASEAN countries. Closer integration with China would facilitate ASEAN to reduce the reliance on other countries like United States, Japan and European Union. Moreover it was found that China has been quite supple with the new ASEAN countries and has been providing developmental assistance. By extending WTO nations’ benefit to the non WTO member would make it viable for the new ASEAN countries to gain from trade liberalization with China. Besides this, the other reason for choosing China was the temperate agriculture of China and tropical agriculture of ASEAN which was complementary and thus they could have liberalized the agricult ural trade. Again according to ASEAN, the ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA) is the way through which the post crisis can be recovered. China’s enthusiasm for forming the ASEAN-China FTA was also politico-economic. When viewed politically China wanted to maintain friendly relations with its neighboring countries in the south. It has also been noted that ASEAN-China FTA was a confidence building process in order to put to rest the ASEAN distress over China’s economic condition that was a threat. Therefore close

Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: UNFCCC and India

Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: UNFCCC and India From UNFCCC Goals to India Abstract: Climate Change has the potential to alter the ability of the earths physical and biological systems to provide goods and services essential for sustainable development. Recognition of Climate Change as a significant global environmental challenge has a recent origin. International efforts to address the climate change formally began only a decade ago with the adoption of United Nations Framework Convention to Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. India is a party to UNFCCC and the government of India attaches great importance to climate change issue. India is a vast country covering 3.28 million Km2 with diverse surface features and supports 16.2 percent of the global human population. Endowed with varied soils, climate, biodiversity and ecological regimes, under diverse natural conditions and over a billion people speaking different languages, following different religions and living in rural and urban areas, India is an example for a complex yet successful democratic system. Decentralization of powers through local government, to benefit the grass root level is another significant feature of Indian Government. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, 1992, of the Constitution of India have endowed vast powers to local governments at rural and urban levels respectively. Indias commitments to mitigate climate change are reflected in the essence of these two acts and the working and powers given to the local government. This paper explains and brings to picture how climate change mitigation strategies are filtered in Indian System right from the UNFCCC goals to The Government of India and further to smaller levels of local governments. The paper will explain the hierarchy and working of Indian governance system and highlights the climate change initiatives within this system. The paper will also analyze the constraints and gaps in the institutional setup at local level, which, if rectified, would give more successful results in Climate Change Mitigation Mission of the Government of India. Introduction: Over a decade ago most countries joined an international treaty- The United Nations Convention on Climate Change so as to consider the impacts of climate change and to work for adaptation and mitigation initiatives for secure future and sustainable development. The convention, commonly known as the UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994. The ultimate objective of The convention is stabilizing green house gas emissions at a lower level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate systems. Under the convention the governments- Gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies and best practices Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to developing countries. Cooperate in preparing the adaptation to the impacts of climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto protocol came into being, which shared the conventions objectives, principles and institutions and also significantly strengthened the convention by committing the parties to individual and specially; â€Å"legally binding targets† to limit or reduce climate change. The text of the Kyoto Protocol was adopted unanimously in 1997; and it entered into force on 16 February 2005. India is signatory to various multilateral environmental agreements, including The Montreal Protocol, The convention on Biological diversity, the United nations Convention to combat desertification ,including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) .Government of India attaches great importance to climate change issues. Eradication of poverty, avoiding risks to food production, and sustainable development are three principles embedded in the Convention. At present, information provided in the Indias Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC is in terms of guidelines prescribed for Parties not included in Annex I to the UNFCCC and the inventory is prepared for the base year 1994. India is a vast country. It covers 3.28 million km2 of area having diverse surface features. Also, it occupies only 2.4 percent of the worlds geographical area, but supports 16.2 per cent of the global human population. The country is endowed with varied soils, climate, biodiversity and ecological regimes. â€Å"Under such diverse natural conditions, over a billion people speaking different languages, following different religions and living in rural and urban areas, live in harmony under a democratic system†( India NATCOM,2004). Climate Change Negotiations Global warming issue became a part of the international agenda in 1988. The climate issue, initiated by the small island nation Malta, came up at the UN General Assembly in December 1988, as part of a discussion on the common heritage of mankind. The resolution set up a preparatory committee to work towards an international agreement. The concern for global warming particularly by the industrialized countries geared up since then and climate politics came into being and were refined with a series of international conferences and formal negotiations that followed. The momentum culminated in the signing of a Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and opened for signatures at the Rio Earth Summit in June, 1992. The FCCC aims at stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Subsequently, the parties to the FCCC adopted the Kyoto Protocol in December, 1997. However, the developing nations see the Protocol as burdened with loopholes because of the fact that it emphasizes on the economic concerns, rather than ecological or social justice. The main area of dispute between the developed countries and the developing countries lies in the sectors pertaining to equity and sustainability. However, the operational details of the Kyoto Protocol have now been finalised after intensive deliberations at Marrakech, on November 10, 2001, which was participated by 171 countries . The protocol has been guided by Article 3.0 of the FCCC, and marks the first global attempt to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries. The Protocol calls for 5.2% reduction from their 1990 level of GHG emissions by the developed countries during the period 2008-2012. It also specifies the amount each country must contribute toward meeting the reduction goal. Nations with the highest CO2 emissions like the United States, Japan and most European nations are expected to reduce emissions by a range of 6 to 8 per cent. By 2005, all industrialized nations that ratify the accord must also show demonstrable progress toward fulfilling their respective commitments under the Protocol. Some issues that add to the complexity of the Kyoto Protocol: Considerations for baseline and its effects The target of 5.2% reduction beyond 1990 level in the commitment period 2008-2012, were dependent on 1990 emissions. This meant that if a country which had high emissions in 1990 and had reduced them between 1990 and thereafter, then it could actually increase its emission once again, or only stabilize these, and not carry out any reductions. As an example one can analyse the case of Australia. In 1990, as much as 30 percent of the emissions were from deforestation, which eventually became a blessing for the country for, instead of penalizing for creating the problem in the first place, Australia has been able to use its emission to its advantage, by winning the right to count any improvement from its 1990 level as its national credit. And as its deforestation rate has been controlled, it actually can increase its emission above and beyond the figure of 8 percent it is expected to reduce. On the other hand, USA and Japan were lobbying hard to change the date of baseline from 1990 to 1995. The reason for this lies in the fact that both the countries have made a significant increase in carbon emissions between 1990 and 1995. Flexible mechanisms The Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms Art.6 (Joint Implementation), Art.12 (Clean Development Mechanism) and Art.17 (Emissions Trading), These mechanisms are meant to pave an explicit way for developed countries to meet their Kyoto targets easily. The cheapest and the most attractive option for meeting the emission targets of the North (i.e developed countries-Annexe I) being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that will be operated on the project basis invested in the South (i.e under developed countries). This implies that, as global warming is bound to be unsolved even by the end of this century, the South would have to pay a heavy price in future once they have reached a high level of energy efficiency through means like CDM. For by then the cost of carbon cutting will be very high even for the developing countries, which would eventually have to do the carbon cutting on their own. The next issue comes on the question of energy-efficient technology, which the North wishes to push to the South through CDM. As technology up-gradation is a continuous process, hence what is the most efficient technology at the time of implementation of the CDM project, may be obsolete within few years that follows. Principle of equity: the Kyoto Protocol does not define the rights and responsibilities of all nations within a reasonable frame. So long as the world remains within a carbon based energy economy, equitable sharing of the atmosphere shall remain a critical issue, especially for poor developing countries who need a maximum space for their future economic growth. The Kyoto reduction, by itself, is inadequate to achieve a stabilization of climate change by 2100. A continual and larger reduction, similar to that stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol for the 2008-2012 period, will be needed in the future in order to begin to stabilize long-term greenhouse gas emissions. Even if stabilization of greenhouse gases is achieved, global warming will still continue for several decades and sea levels will continue to rise for several centuries. This is because Even if the emissions from the developed countries were reduced to zero in the near future, the current trends of growing emissions from developing countries alone could force the atmospheric concentration to exceed stabilization levels of 550 ppm ( Parivesh, CPCB,2006). Thus, participation of all countries, including the developing countries such as India, is essential for a successful worldwide effort to arrest the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. India and Climate Change- The Threats and Vulnerability Climate Change is a major global environmental problem and an important issue because of diverse impacts not only ecological, but economic, social, political and physical in nature and content. It is a matter of great concern especially for developing countries like India who have limited capacity to develop and adopt strategies to reduce their vulnerability to changes in climate. Global, national and local level measures are need of the hour to combat the adverse impacts of climate change induced damages. â€Å"India being a developing country has low capacity to withstand the adverse impacts of climate change due to high dependence of majority of population on climate sensitive sectors as the agriculture, forestry and fisheries†,( Shukla, et.al, 2003). This is coupled with poor infrastructure facilities, weak institutional mechanisms and lack of financial resources. This is the reason why we are seriously concerned with the possible impacts of climate change. The possible impacts of climate change are mentioned below: Water stress and reduction in the availability of fresh water due to potential decline in rainfall. Threats to agriculture and food security, since agriculture is monsoon dependent and rain dependent agriculture dominates in many states. Shifts in area and boundary of different forest types and threats to biodiversity with adverse implications for forest-dependent communities. Adverse impact on natural ecosystems, such as wetlands, mangroves, grasslands and mountain ecosystems. Adverse impact of sea-level rise on coastal agriculture and settlements. Impact on human health due to the increase in vector and water-borne diseases, such as malaria. Increased energy requirements and impact on climate-sensitive industry and infrastructure. One of the various reasons for vulnerability of India depends on its typical and diverse climatic conditions. India is subject to a wide range of variation in climatic conditions from the freezing Himalayan winters in the north to the tropical climate of the southern peninsula, from the damp, rainy climate in the north-east to the arid Great Indian Desert in the north-west, and from the marine climates of its vast coastline and islands to the dry continental climate in the interior. The Indian summer monsoon is the most important feature in dictating meteorology of the Indian subcontinent and, hence, its economy. Almost all regions of the country receive entire annual rainfall during the summer monsoon (also called the SW monsoon), while some parts of the south-eastern states also receive rainfall during early winter from the north-east monsoon. Therefore, India could be more at risks than many other countries from changes in temperature and sea level. Models predict an average increase in temperature in India from 2.3 to 4.8  °C for the bench mark doubling of carbon dioxide scenario (Lonergan, World Bank Technical Paper No.402, 1998). Temperatures would rise more in Northern India than in Southern India. In the North Indian Ocean, under a doubling, the average number of tropical disturbance days could increase from 17 to 29 a year (Haarsma et.al Climate Dynamics, Vol.8, 1993); while, without protection, approximately 7 million people would be displaced, and 5,760 Km2 of land and 4,200 Km of road would be lost (Asthana, JNU, New Delhi, 1993). Further, in the Indian context, climate change could represent an additional stress on the ecological and socioeconomic system that are already facing tremendous pressure due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development. Options for Mitigation â€Å"The ability to adapt to climate change depends on the level of income and technology, as well as the capacity of the system of governance and existing institutions to cope with change. The ability to mitigate GHG emissions depends on industrial structure (the mix of industrial activities), social structure (including, e.g., the distance people must travel to work or to engage in recreational activities), the nature of governance (especially the effectiveness of government policy), and the availability and cost of alternatives. In short, what is feasible at the national level depends significantly on what can be done at the subnational, local, and various sectoral levels†(Climate Change 2001: Working group III: Mitigation; IPCC,2001).The challenges of climate change mitigation involve diverse issues economic, political, social and environmental. Governance is one of the prime issues in mitigation of climate change impacts. A structured governance system is the only tool through which any policy framework or initiative can be achieved. The importance or role of governance in mitigation thus can be described through its three pillars: Organizational Structure- Through governance the qualities of organization participation, transparency and accountability can be achieved in the mitigation exercise at all levels.. Financial Mobilization- This involves ensuring financial commitment globally, at national levels and also at local levels of the government Legal Framework- It ensures empowerment, enforcement and compliance of mitigative strategies and supporting environmental laws. As the National GHG inventory for India shows, the major increase in GHG emissions over the next 20 years would be related to energy consumption. As India has abundant coal deposits, it is beyond doubt that coal will be the dominant source of energy. Therefore, energy efficiency measures in this sector remain our prime concern. Power generation in India is expected to reach a peak demand of 176 GW by 2012, and the total energy requirement will be 1058 billion units (Parivesh, Central Pollution Control Board, 2006). This is why; increasing the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the form of low carbon options are the two main measures that can greatly reduce GHG emissions. We will now simultaneously specify what scientific mitigation tools for climate change are available for various sectors and the corresponding governance measures to actually target the process of mitigation. The energy sector: Fiscal incentives and taxes, voluntary emission reductions, green rating, and capacity building etc. Another area of importance is the transmission and distribution losses, which is energy loss. There is considerable scope of reducing losses, meant to translate into a large mitigation potential. Two major categories of Barriers hinder adoption of electricity conservation and demand management in India. a) Macro-level barrier At the level of governance system; either policy induced or due to lack of appropriate policies and; b) Micro-level barriers related to the consumers and the economic environment they face.This can be equated to lack of awareness about possible alternatives on the part of the consumers and lack of awareness drives on the part of the government. The forestry sector: IPCC Second Assessment Report categorizes three broad options for abatement viz. Conservation management: This strategy attempts to conserve the existing carbon storage capacity of forests by halting or slowing down forests deforestation and forests degradation. Storage management : This strategy attempts to increase carbon strategy in woody vegetation and soil in existing degraded forests, as well as to create new carbon sinks in areas where forests do not exists or have been cleared. These may be achieved by promoting natural regeneration, reforestation on deforested lands, aforrestation of non-forest lands and agro-forestry on crop and pastureland. Substitution management: This strategy attempts involves the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable fuel wood or other biomass products. Here, governance plays an important role based on it a capacity to generate and bring about changes in the management of forests and augmentation of use of renewable products. The agriculture sector: Methane emissions from rice cultivation remain the major contributor of GHG emissions. Other sources being enteric fermentation, manure management, agricultural soils etc. Abatement strategy in this sector in India can be achieved given the scientific expertise available in India, but require gearing up by proper governmental intervention at the level of ministry of agriculture, as far as policy initiatives are concern, and through local governments for implementation and monitoring. The industrial sector: As the national inventory of GHG shows, major contribution came from energy intensive sectors like iron steel, fertilizer, cement, aluminium, paper pulp etc. A few option available for energy efficient options in power, industrial and domestic sector are given as follows: Source: Teri, New Delhi. These can be supported by further subsidizing use of energy efficient options and where required made mandatory by the government under the periphery of the existing environmental laws of the country. Mitigation through sinks: Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by a number of processes that operate on different time scales, and is subsequently transferred to reservoirs or sinks. The Kyoto Protocol through its Ariticle 3.3 allows afforestation as a sink to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Further, Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol states that additional human induced activities in the agricultural soils and LULUCF categories may be added to the three mechanisms (Joint implementation, Clean Development mechanism and Emission trading) subject to certain conditions. In India, forestry is dominated by government based institutions. These institutions need new insight so that they can effectively incorporate mitigation policies and measures in their resource management activities. According to the central Pollution Control Board, India has been persistently implementing one of the largest reforestation programs in the tropics with over one million hectares planted annually. Nearly half of this reforestation is on degraded forests and village common land. It is estimated that the carbon uptake in forests, degraded forests, and plantations is estimated to offset the gross carbon emissions from the forests sector. Carbon dioxide emissions in India are projected to increase from no-net emissions in 1990 to 77 million tonnes by 2020( Parivesh, CPCB,2006). Barriers to mitigation: Greenhouse gas mitigation measures are compounded by several barriers inherent to the process of development. In India, inequitable distribution of income and wealth forms a core feature of barriers to effective implementation of any type of intervention in India, leave apart climate change. Available instruments to limit domestic GHG emissions can be categorized into market based instruments, regulatory instruments, and voluntary agreements. For the developing countries, however, domestic structural reforms and policies on trade liberalization and liberalization of energy markets act as barriers to GHG reduction. These policies coupled with macroeconomics, market oriented reforms, set the framework in which more specific climate policies would be implemented. The IPCC Special Report on technology Transfer (IPCC, 2000) identifies various important barriers that could impede environmental technology transfer, such as: lack of data, information, and knowledge, especially on emerging technologies; inadequate vision about the understanding of local needs and demands; high transaction costs and poor macro economic conditions; insufficient human and institutional capabilities; inappropriate technology adopted and Poor legal institutions and framework. These hold good for the overall barriers of mitigation in Indian Context also. In terms of governance and its intervention, technology transfer can be traded off with some of our own indigenous technologies. This will ensure equitable exchange and also promote indigenous Indian Science. National Policy for Climate Change Mitigation We, as present generation have inherited this environment and atmosphere from our ancestors. Further the consequences of climate change will be faced by our children in the future. And so it can be said that climate change is an inherently different and irreversible problem as compared to other environmental problems. Also, the assumption that prior experience of problems like air pollution has failed at many levels as a good model upon which policy decisions on climate can be based. Options to mitigate climate change include actual emission reductions carbon dioxide sequestration and investments in developing technologies that will make future reductions affordable and easily available since cheap relative to their current costs. Since the inception of UNFCC in 1992, the Govt. of India has been an active participant in the climate charge negotiations. India being a party to the UNFCC was the 38th country to ratify it on November 01, 1993. The Ministry of Environment Forests is the nodal Ministry for all environment related activities in the country and is the nodal Ministry for co-coordinating the climate charge policy as well. The working group on the FCCC was constituted to oversee the implementation of obligations under the FCCC and to act as a consultative mechanism in the Govt. for impacts to policy formulation on climate change. To enlarge the feedback mechanism the Govt. of India has constituted an Advisory group on climate charge under the chairmanship of the Minister of Environment Forests. Development of National Guidelines Policy Options for reducing GHG Emissions The national guidelines or framework for monitoring GHG emissions and policy options for reducing GHG should emphasize not only on issues associated with climate change but also include the following: Emission Forecasting Setting goals Policy criteria Policy evaluation Organizational and political issues Climate change and GHG emission and sequestration may include many sectors of society and extend far into the future. Furthermore, policy measures to address GHGs overlap with many other public policy objectives, however in a complimentary way. Policy formulations involve: Understanding the issues at hand, Having a broad vision of the range of actions that governments can take to address those issues, Selecting from within this the approaches that offer the most potential far achieving multiple public goals. More importantly, the policy formulation process must respond to local circumstances and must address institutional, fiscal, political, and other constraints. The Govt. of India has nevertheless addressed a large number of local and regional environmental issues in its developmental strategy that are complementary to the climate change issue. Institutional Arrangements So Far For Climate Change Related Strategies In Area of Research The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Ministry of Science and Technology (MST), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Ministry of Non Conventional Energy (MNES), Ministry of Defence (MoD), Ministry of Health and Family welfare (MoHFW), are the main ministries of the Government of India which promote and undertake climate and climate change-related research in the country. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is also am important agency involved in working of this area and is under the direct governance of the Prime Minister.It supports all the above agencies with satellite-based passive remote sensing. The MoEF, MST, MHRD and MOA operate under the umbrella of many premier national research laboratories and universities. The most prominent being the 40 laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), an autonomous body under the MST; and the vast network of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) under the MOA. The CSIR is the national RD organization which provides scientific and industrial research for Indias economic growth and human welfare. It has a countrywide network of 40 laboratories and 80 field centers. The ICAR network includes institutes, bureaus, national research centers, The Department of Science and Technology (DST) under the MST coordinates advanced climatic and weather research and data collection over the Indian landmass. There are three premier institutions under DST that are solely dedicated to atmospheric science viz. the IMD, the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). Apart from the Indian initiatives, climate change research promoted by international organizations like the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Human Dimension Program (IHDP) and DIVERSITAS are being strongly supported by various Indian agencies like Indian Climate Research Program (ICRP) under DST, National Committee- International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (NC-IGBP) constituted by Indian National Science Academy (INSA) and Geosphere-Biosphere Program (GBP) of ISRO. Agencies like CSIR, also provides infra-structural and financial support to carry out research in the area of global change In Area of Development The single most important feature of our post-colonial experience is that the people of India have conclusively demonstrated their ability to forge a united nation despite its diversity, and to pursue development within the framework of a functioning, vibrant and pluralistic democracy. In this process, the democratic institutions have put down firm roots, which continue to gain strength and spread. A planned approach to development has been the central process of the Indian democracy, as reflected in the national five-year plans, state plans,departmental annual plans, and perspective plans of various ministries of the central and state governments. For the last five and a half decades, the guiding objectives of the Indian planning process have been sustained economic growth, poverty alleviation, food, health, education and shelter for all, containing population growth, employment generation, self-reliance, peoples participation in planning and programme implementation, and infrastruc ture development. The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992, provides the basis for the integration of environmental considerations in the policies of various sectors. It aims at the achievement of sustainable lifestyles and the proper management and conservation of resources. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992, stresses the prevention of pollution at the source, based on the ‘polluter pays principle. It encourages the use of the most appropriate technical solutions, particularly for the protection of heavily polluted areas and river stretches. The Forest Policy, 1988, highlights environmental protection through preservation and restoration of the ecological balance. The policy seeks to substantially increase the forest cover in the country through afforestation programmes. This environmental framework aims to take cognizance of the longer-term environmental perspective related to industrialization, power generation, transportation, mining, agriculture, irrigation and other such economic activities, as well as to address parallel concerns related to public health and safety. The statutory framework for the environment includes the Indian Forest Act, 1927, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Other enactments include the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995, and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997. The courts have also elaborated on the concepts relating to sustainable development, and the ‘polluter pays and ‘precautionary principles. In India, matters of public interest, particularly pertaining to the environment, are articulated effectively through a vigilant media, an active NGO community, and very importantly, through the judicial process which has recognized the citizens right to a clean environment as a component of the right to li

Admissions Essay - Potential to Contribute :: essays research papers

Risks are the essence of life. In the beginning, they are our instinct. But as we get older and gain a greater consciousness of the world around us, somewhere along the way we are presented with failure, at that point, many people try to eliminate most risks from their life. I come from a family that has had to take major risks in order to bring me to the place I am today. My parents grew up in Odessa, Ukraine, which was once a part of the Soviet Union. As children of Holocaust survivors, they were dedicated to giving their children an opportunity to enjoy freedoms of an open society, the United States. And so my parents came to this country with me, then four year-old son in November of 1990 against the advice of all their friends. They had decided that leaving Soviet Union was their only true hope of preserving our identity and raising a family outside of repressions and fear. They were risk takers and they sought a better, freer life for themselves and for their children. That was their generation. And now I am too at a critical juncture of my life, one that is quite different from my parents, but also full of difficult choices nonetheless. Dedicating the next two or three years of my life to a legal education is a risk. Certainly, paying for law school will be a hardship. However, I must also question whether my study of the law will give me the intellectual fulfillment I seek in my college life. This is an inquiry I?ve made to myself countless times. I now know that, given my varied experiences and the direction I?ve found myself taking, law school is the only true option. My parents and grandparents? experiences have left a mark on my life and I will not feel fulfilled until I am able to help others that have been in similarly trying and difficult situations. In fact, one of the ways I hope to do that is with my talent of being polylingual. Learning languages has always been very important to me and it has given me many advantages and helped in my personal growth. If I didn?t know the four languages of English, Russian, French, and Hebrew as I do today, then I would probably be a very different person. Even though my native language of Russian wasn?t something chosen by me, it is something I?

Aristotle Life Story

Aristotle was born in Greece approximately 384 B. C. , to parents Nicomachus and Phaestis. His father Nicomachus was physician to King Amyntas of Macedon, and his mother was of a wealthy family from the island of Euboea. When he was 17 he went to study at Plato’s Academy in Athens, where he stayed for around 20 years. Aristotle did very well at the Academy, but when Plato died he was not chosen to be among the leaders. Soon after Plato’s death he left to tutor Prince Alexander, later to be known as Alexander the Great. Aristotle later returned to Athens to open his own school which is known as the Lyceum.Aristotle was more interested in science than other philosophers in his time, maybe because his father was a doctor. He’s sometimes referred to the father of science. One of Aristotle’s most important contributions was sorting and classifying the various knowledge of science into branches. He thus laid the foundation of science today. Aristotle is also tho ught to be the father of the scientific method. In ancient times, gods were thought to be the cause of events in nature. Early Greek philosophers questioned the roles of gods as the cause of these events. If the gods weren’t the cause of these events, who was?Philosophers advanced explanations based on philosophical principles and mathematical forms. Aristotle found that unsatisfactory. He was the first to realize the importance of empirical measurement (measurement based on observation and experience), believing that knowledge could only be gained from building on what was already known. Aristotle’s contributions were measurement and observation, which is what science, is built upon. He was the first to propose the idea of induction as a tool to gaining knowledge, and understood that theoretical thought and reasoning had to be supported by real world findings.His method is summarized as follows; Study what others have written about the subject, look for the general co nsensus about the subject, and perform a systematic study of everything even partially related to the topic. This is the very first sign of a scientific method. Aristotle loved categorizing and organizing things. For instance, with the soul he thought it was composed of two components: a rational and irrational part. The rational half was subdivided into â€Å"scientific† and â€Å"calculative† sections, and the irrational half was made up of a â€Å"desiderative† (desire) part and a â€Å"vegetative† part.A person operates by combining all the workings of these parts. The vegetative part may be hungry. The desiderative part may want lots of candy instead of, say, vegetables, but the scientific part knows candy will be bad for teeth and weight. The calculative part will then try to work out a compromise. Problem solved! Aristotle assumed that there must be some basic commodities that combine to make all things. These basic four groups are, earth, water, a ir and fire, and each of these are a combination of two of four opposites, hot and cold, and wet and dry.For example, fire is hot and dry. He claimed that all materials were made from various combinations of these elements. His love of categories also led him to divide people into three groups. The big group, who loved pleasure, a smaller group -includes politicians- that love honor, and the smallest, but most elite group, who love contemplation. The latter were the philosophers. Aristotle’s next task was to find the key reason that separated humans from animals. His answer was our ability to reason. Aristotle’s really great contribution was that of biology.Having established the division between humans and animals he set out categorizing all he could of the biological world. He grouped animals with related characteristics into genera and then divided these genera into species. This same process is used today, though subsequent research has caused some of the individua ls to be moved around. He wrote in detail about five hundred different animals in his works, including a hundred and twenty kinds of fish and sixty kinds of insect. He was the first to perform dissections on living things, so he could try to make sense of how they worked.He described how a chick develops within an egg and realized that dolphins and whales were different from fish. He noted that ruminant animals, like cows, had multi-chambered stomachs, something that separated them from simple-stomached animals. Not only did he study large animals, but small ones as well, such as bees. He also made lead way in botany. He attempted to classify over 500 plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs and, while he was not entirely successful in this, he certainly understood which features of plants were necessary for making distinctions.This time he has earned the title of father over botany. Aristotle made many other contributions to science, one of which was proving the Earth was a sphere, alt hough he wrongly thought that Earth was the center of the universe. Plato disagreed with this theory; he sided with Copernicus who rightly thought the sun was the center of the universe. Aristotle also studied physics. He did not have many tools for experimentation so he could not measure time or speed. He did not allow for invisible forces, so he did not study gravity. Things fell to Earth and the moon circled the earth because that’s what they did.In spite of his limitations, Aristotle made some remarkable contributions to physics and laid the groundwork for Galileo, Newton, and Einstein. He reasoned that infinite velocities could not exist, that time and movement are continuous and inseparable, and that time was even flowing, infinite, and the same everywhere at once. These are all true, and are part of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. That’s amazing considering the limitations he had to work with. Anti-Macedonian feeling broke out in Athens around 323 BC. Th e Athenians accused Aristotle of irreverence.He chose to flee, so that the Athenians might not â€Å"twice sin against philosophy† (by killing him as they had Socrates). He fled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. Aristotle died in 322 BC. After he died a lot of his work and research was lost. It is thought that today we only have about 1/3 of what he had originally written. Aristotle was an amazing scientist, but even he was not without mistakes. For example, he wrongly assumed that force is required to keep an object moving at constant speed. This error held progress back for years. He also, as I stated before, thought the Earth was the center of the universe.But, really isn’t that what science is about? Trial and error, make mistakes then learn from them, that’s how you make real progress in science. Aristotle is proof of this. Look at all the progress we have made today, from his mistakes. Bibliography Bibliography 1. http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/history/ aristotle. html 2. http://www. enotes. com/topics/aristotle 3. http://www. philosophypages. com/ph/aris. htm 4. http://jcmooreonline. com/2010/12/28/aristotles-enduring-contribution-to-scien ce-education-and-physics/ 5. http://www. iep. utm. edu/aristotl/ 6. http://galileo. phys. virginia. du/classes/109N/lectures/aristot2. html 7. http://www. valpo. edu/geomet/histphil/test/aristotl. html 8. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-biology/#LifWor 9. http://leavis. tripod. com/science. htm 10. http://www. experiment-resources. com/history-of-the-scientific-method. html 11. http://www. sciencekids. co. nz/sciencefacts/scientists/aristotle. html 12. http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/philosophy/aristotle. htm 13. http://www. mlahanas. de/Greeks/AristotleBiol. htm 14. http://www. thocp. net/biographies/aristoteles. html 15. Info from class 16. Physical Science Book